Understanding Autism in Children: A Look at Possible Symptoms, Treatment, & Support
Written by McKenna Worline, Master Level Clinical Intern
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how children perceive the world and how they interact with others in their environment. The disorder is coined as a “spectrum” because it manifests through an extensive range of severity (from mild to more profound). The disorder affects each child differently in terms of communication, social interaction, and behavior. The definitive cause of autism continues to be researched. It is understood that early diagnosis and intervention play a critical role in helping children reach their full potential.
Common Symptoms of Autism in Children
The symptoms of ASD are typically present in early childhood, often prior to the child reaching three (3) years of age. Some children may not show noticeable signs until later – especially as social and language skills become more demanding within a school setting. Symptoms can vary widely from child to child, but they typically fall into two main categories of social communication difficulties and/or restricted or repetitive behaviors.
Social Communication Difficulties
Children with ASD may struggle with verbal and non-verbal communication. This may include:
Delayed speech development…. A child may not begin to speak as early as other children, or they may have difficulty forming full sentences. Some children with ASD may not speak at all.
Challenges with understanding social cues….. Children with ASD may have trouble understanding facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. They may find it difficult to interpret others’ emotions. These difficulties can make social interactions challenging.
Limited eye contact…. Many children with autism avoid making eye contact during conversations or play, which is often interpreted as a sign of social withdrawal.
Difficulty in initiating or maintaining conversations….. They may struggle with starting or maintaining a back-and-forth conversation, often preferring to talk about specific topics that interest them rather than engaging with others on various subjects.
Preference for independent play….. Children with autism may prefer to play alone rather than engaging with others. They may not understand the concept of sharing or playing within a group setting.
Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors
Autism can be characterized by certain behaviors that are repetitive and restricted. These behaviors may present as:
Repetitive movements…. These can include hand-flapping, rocking, spinning objects, and/or other repetitive motions.
Rigid with routines…. Children with ASD may become upset if their daily routines are disrupted. They may show a strong preference for sameness and predictability, such as insisting on eating the same foods or following the same route to school.
Intense interest in specific topics…. Many children with autism develop deep, focused interests in particular subjects or activities, such as numbers, animals, or Lightning McQueen, often to the exclusion of everything else.
Sensory sensitivities…. Children with autism may have an intensified or a decreased sensitivity to sensory stimuli. They may be more sensitive to lights, sounds, textures, or smells; they may seek out intense sensory experiences to acquire their preferred input.
Common Treatment Options for Children with Autism (ASD)
There is currently no cure for autism. Rather than focusing on the idea of “curing” the child, it’s more helpful to view them as a unique individual whose symptoms can be supported with appropriate tools and resources. These resources can help the child to better understand and navigate the world from their own perspective. Early intervention can greatly enhance outcomes and improve the quality of life for children with autism. Treatment plans are typically tailored to each child to address their specific symptoms and obstacles.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
One of the most widely recommended and researched therapies for children with autism is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA is based on the principle that behaviors can be learned and reinforced through positive rewards and consequences. It is a systematized and individualized approach that aims to increase positive behaviors and to decrease harmful or disruptive behaviors (often referred to as challenging or maladaptive behaviors).
How does ABA work? A trained therapist works with the child to reinforce desired behaviors through repetition and positive reinforcement (i.e. if a child learns to make eye contact during a conversation, they may receive verbal praise or their favorite treat).
What are the benefits of ABA? ABA has been shown to help children with autism improve communication, social skills/social-emotional learning (SEL), and daily living skills (ADLS). It is often used to teach essential life skills, such as dressing, eating, or using the bathroom independently.
Psychotherapy
One size fits all?…. No. There are several forms of psychotherapy that can also help children with autism improve their social skills, manage their emotions, and manage stress. Common psychotherapeutic techniques include:
Speech therapy often children with autism benefit from this, which focuses on improving verbal communication skills such as articulation, speech clarity, and the ability to initiate and uphold conversations.
Occupational Therapy (OT) helps children with autism develop the fine and gross motor skills needed for daily activities like dressing, feeding, and writing. OT can also help children manage sensory processing issues (i.e. having a strong aversion to a certain texture of clothing and avoiding wearing a specific fabric due to the aversion).
Social skills training teaches children how to interact appropriately with others, including how to take turns, share, and engage in group activities. It often includes role-playing and structured social activities (i.e. practice appropriately declining an invitation to play a game that the child does not want to participate in, also referred to as assent withdrawal).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is used to help children with autism manage anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and emotional regulation. CBT helps children identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Medication
There is no medication that directly treats the core symptoms of autism; however, certain medications can help manage related issues (i.e. anxiety, hyperactivity, or irritability). Antidepressants may be used to address anxiety and/or depression in children with autism. Stimulants can be helpful for children who struggle with attention and/or hyperactivity. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed for children who exhibit aggressive behavior and/or severe irritability. Melatonin supplements are often recommended to aid in sleep regulation for children who have difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Disclaimer: Medication should always be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may not be appropriate for every child.
Other Therapies and Supports
In addition to ABA and psychotherapies, other interventions can be recommended depending upon the child’s specific needs. Music therapy, art therapy, and dietary changes are examples of alternative interventions. The above are some common symptoms and treatment options, though not all of the possibilities!
Podcasts:
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/autism-povs/id1456874396
https://behavioralobservations.com/tag/greg-hanley
Websites with More Information:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) manifests in a diverse range of ways, with symptoms and challenges varying significantly between individuals. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for supporting children with ASD in leading fulfilling and successful lives. Treatment modalities, which include Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), medication, and psychotherapy, can provide substantial benefits in addressing the communication and behavioral difficulties commonly seen in children with autism. Through collaborating with medical professionals, educators, and therapists, guardians and caregivers can provide the fundamental support and guidance necessary to help their child reach their highest potential, which is often much higher than they may believe!
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